Peace on Earth (1987): Using telerobotics to verify in on a swarm robotic rebellion on the Moon

Robots: humanoids, teleoperated reconfigurable robots, swarms.

Recommendation: Read this basic exhausting sci-fi novel and increase your horizons about robots, teleoperation, and swarms.

Stanislaw Lem was some of the learn science fiction authors on the planet in his day, particularly the 70s and 80s, although not in America as a result of there have been hardly ever translations from his native Polish to English. Europeans might parse the French translations, we couldn’t even parlez vous francais. Lem famously didn’t like American science fiction, with a only a few exceptions. One being Philip Ok. Dick- and it’s no marvel since Lem’s 1987 novel Peace on Earth shares lots of the identical themes that Dick coated: militarization of robots, folks dropping their reminiscence or not being what they appear, and authorities conspiracies. In some methods Peace on Earth is just like the longer, extra detailed, and, really, *higher* model of Dick’s 1953 quick story Second Variety (which was foundation for the Peter Weller film Screamers).

Peace on Earth has a form of a Battlestar Galatica (reboot) backstory. Mankind has put all their army robots on the moon to do no matter army robots do. The quickly evolving, tremendous good robots can proceed to make use of simulations and machine studying to enhance or work out options to Clauswitz model of warfare however out of the way in which in order that it will possibly’t impression people.

Or can it?

Except after a few a long time nobody has heard from the robots. This just isn’t surprising, however folks, being folks, are starting to marvel if the robots are nonetheless up there. Or possibly the robots have advanced into one thing peaceable. Or into some supreme intelligence which may wish to take over the Earth. Or possibly the robots have run out of issues to shot at up there and the winners at the moment are excited about taking pictures at Earth. Oooops. Maybe we should always ship somebody to verify in on them, simply in case…

The story is informed from the point of view of the astronaut, Ijon Tichy, despatched to verify in on the robots. The e-book begins along with his return on Earth with mind harm that has severed his corpus callosum, left him with main reminiscence loss as to what occurred and why he’s on the run. We are in Christopher Nolan Momento territory (with out the tattoos) or Jonathan Nolan’s/HBO’s Westworld out of sequence story telling as Tichy tries to determine what occurred on the Moon and what it means.

Along the way in which we get some fascinating descriptions of telerobotics and telepresence in addition to swarm and distributed robotics. Lem was a tough science ficition author, who had gone to medical college earlier than switching to physics. He was very a lot into the science element of his books and on this case extra of the concepts of organic evolution. He posits that organic evolution has been concerning the evolution of small to giant— from viruses and micro organism to single cells to animals and other people, however that robotics evolution will likely be from giant to small. We began with large robots bettering, then getting smaller with miniaturization of sensors and actuators, then smaller computation as a single robotic wouldn’t want to hold all its computation onboard however might depend on distributed computation, and the development will proceed lastly a robotic turns into a set of tiny, easy robots that may forged itself into a bigger form with better intelligence— the concept behind Michael Crichton’s novel Prey. These swarms of what we might now name nanorobots would supply the final word flexibility in reconfigurable robots. Of course, Lem hand waves over limiting components corresponding to energy and communication. But that apart, it’s a thought-provoking concept and a radically totally different take than Dick’s on how army robots would evolve.

One of the fascinating scientific themes in Peace on Earth is Tichy’s use of teleoperation robots to land on the Moon and try to take a look at the robots within the totally different sectors of the Moon. Eventually Tichy quits utilizing humanoid robots and begins utilizing a reconfigurable robotic physique that may rework into totally different animal shapes in order to maneuver extra successfully by way of the totally different constructions constructed by the robots.

Teleoperated robots are typically known as avatars, although the time period avatar was initially restricted to software program simulations- James Cameron modified that connotation along with his film. There is rising curiosity in telecommuting (and telesex) by way of robots, a lot so, there may be now a XPrize competitors on avatars.

My favourite form that Tichy’s teleoperated robotic took on was that of a dachshund. And right here is the place Lem underestimated the scientific challenges of teleoperation. Lem targeted on the bodily science— how the avatar may reconfigure into a brand new form. He assumed that Tichy would have little problem adjusting to the brand new form as a result of Tichy can be carrying a go well with that sensed his physique actions. Except this ignores the human-robot interplay element— how does Tichy know to maneuver like a canine and synthesize notion from angles a lot decrease than a human? The levels of freedom are totally different, the motion patterns are totally different, the placement of sensors are totally different. Operators get quickly fatigued with humanoid robots the place there’s a one-to-one correspondence between the human and robotic and there’s no change in dimension. The cognitive load for making an attempt to regulate a 4 legged animal can be big. It is difficult to think about that Tichy would achieve success with out an middleman clever help program that will translate his intent into the suitable motions for the present form.

And that kind of assistive AI is a tough, open analysis query.

The XPrize ANA Avatar competitors is making an identical assumption, that should you can construct a humanoid avatar, will probably be straightforward and pure for a human to regulate. That hasn’t been supported by a long time of analysis in telerobotics and the humanoid robots within the DARPA robotics problem typically required a number of operators.

But again to Peace on Earth. It’s a really readable e-book jam filled with scientific concepts that have been forward of its time, mixed with a critical jab on the stupidity of the nuclear arms race that was in progress on the time.

More importantly, Lew foresaw a world wherein robots might be a menace, although politicians have been an even bigger menace, and have been an answer to the menace. A refreshing tackle robotics and the New World Order. What a disgrace Lem has been comparatively unknown within the US.

You actually ought to learn this one, particularly should you like exhausting science fiction like Arthur C. Clarke or if you wish to get past the US viewpoint of sci-fi.

For an audio model of this evaluation, click on under…

Original article posted in Robotics Through Science Fiction weblog.