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A Number That Sums It Up: 3 to 4 months to Mars
What if a spacecraft might get to Mars in half the time it at present takes?
Every 26 months or so, Mars and Earth are shut sufficient for a shorter journey between the worlds. But even then it’s a fairly lengthy journey, lasting seven to 9 months. For more often than not, the spacecraft is simply coasting by area.
But if the spacecraft might proceed accelerating by the primary half of the journey after which begin slowing down once more, the journey time could possibly be slashed. Current rocket engines, which generally depend on the combustion of a gasoline like hydrogen or methane with oxygen, will not be environment friendly sufficient to perform that; there’s not sufficient room within the spacecraft to hold that a lot propellant.
But nuclear reactions, producing power from the splitting of uranium atoms, are way more environment friendly.
The DRACO engine would include a nuclear reactor that may warmth hydrogen from a cold minus 420 levels Fahrenheit to a toasty 4,400 levels, with the recent fuel capturing from a nozzle to generate thrust. Greater gasoline effectivity might pace up journeys to Mars, lowering the period of time astronauts spend uncovered to the treacherous atmosphere of deep area.
Nuclear propulsion might even have makes use of nearer to dwelling, which is why DARPA is investing within the undertaking. The expertise could permit fast maneuvers of navy satellites in orbit round Earth.
Background: Back to the long run
Nuclear propulsion for area isn’t a brand new thought. In the Fifties and Sixties, Project Orion — financed by NASA, the Air Force and the Advanced Research Projects Agency — contemplated utilizing the explosions of atomic bombs to speed up spacecraft.
At the identical time, NASA and different businesses additionally undertook Project Rover and Project NERVA, efforts that aimed to develop nuclear-thermal engines comparable in idea to these now being pursued by the DRACO program. A collection of 23 reactors have been constructed and examined, however none have been ever launched to area. Until the top of this program in 1973, NASA had contemplated utilizing nuclear reactors to propel area probes to Jupiter, Saturn and past, in addition to to supply energy at a lunar base.
“The technical capabilities, including early safety protocols, remain viable today,” Tabitha Dodson, the DRACO undertaking supervisor, mentioned in a information briefing on Wednesday.
A key distinction between NERVA and DRACO is that NERVA used weapons-grade uranium for its reactors, whereas DRACO will use a less-enriched type of uranium.
The reactor wouldn’t be turned on till it reached area, a part of the precautions to reduce the opportunity of a radioactive accident on Earth.
“DRACO has already done all of our preliminary analyses across the entire spectrum of possibilities for accidents and found that we’re all the way down in the low probability and all the way down in the teeny tiny amount of release,” Dr. Dodson mentioned.
What Happens Next: A check flight in orbit
The DRACO improvement is to culminate with a flight check of the nuclear-thermal engine. Kirk Shireman, a vp at Lockheed Martin, mentioned the launch was at present scheduled for late 2025 or early 2026.
The demonstration spacecraft would most probably orbit at an altitude between 435 and 1,240 miles, Dr. Dodson mentioned. That is excessive sufficient to make sure that it stays in orbit for greater than 300 years, or lengthy sufficient for radioactive components within the reactor gasoline to decay to protected ranges, she mentioned.