Every particular person carries inside them a singular universe of microorganisms often known as the intestine microbiota. These microscopic creatures, which predominantly encompass micro organism, play a important position in our well being by helping in digestion, producing important nutritional vitamins, boosting our immune system, and even affecting our temper. Yet, not all micro organism in our intestine are useful; there’s a relentless tussle between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ microbes.
So, how will we tilt the stability in favor of the useful micro organism? Typically, the reply is perhaps probiotic dietary supplements. These merchandise comprise dwell micro organism meant to spice up the inhabitants of fine micro organism in your intestine. However, as well being and health professionals, we frequently encounter people who both can’t or want to not take dietary supplements or just need to construct a gut-health-promoting life-style earlier than contemplating supplementation.
This article is for these in search of pure methods to reinforce their intestine microbiota. We will discover evidence-based life-style and dietary adjustments that may assist enhance the range and abundance of useful intestine micro organism, selling total well being and wellbeing. No capsules, no powders – simply easy, sensible recommendation rooted in scientific analysis.
Get More Good Bacteria in Your Gut Without Supplements
Before diving into particular approaches, it’s vital to know that selling intestine well being isn’t solely about what you place in your plate. Yes, food regimen performs a significant position, however there’s a broader life-style context that can not be ignored. A holistic method that encompasses sleep, bodily exercise, stress administration, and hydration, along with food regimen, is essential to fostering a various and wholesome intestine microbiome.
Consider sleep, for instance. Research reveals a bidirectional relationship between sleep and intestine well being. Poor sleep can disrupt your intestine microbiota; conversely, an unhealthy intestine can contribute to sleep points. Similarly, common bodily exercise is related to a extra various intestine microbiota.
Stress, each bodily and emotional, may also have an effect on the intestine microbiota. Chronic stress could alter the range and composition of the intestine microbiota, probably resulting in a variety of well being issues. Hydration, although typically neglected, additionally performs a task in sustaining the well being of the intestine.
In this text, we are going to delve into every of those life-style methods, exploring how they are often harnessed to naturally improve the useful micro organism in our guts. But first, we are going to speak about some generalities of the microbiome and a few indicators and signs of a wholesome intestine.
The Importance of the Gut Microbiome for Overall Health
Often known as the physique’s “second brain”, the intestine microbiome is essential for extra than simply digestive well being. It performs an integral position in our total well being, influencing every thing from metabolism and immunity to mind perform and temper.
Firstly, the intestine microbiome aids in digestion and nutrient absorption. It assists in breaking down complicated carbohydrates, producing important nutritional vitamins like vitamin Ok and B-vitamins, and facilitating the absorption of sure minerals.
But the position of the intestine microbiome extends properly past the digestive tract. Research has proven that it performs an important position in our immune system, with round 70% of the physique’s immune cells discovered within the intestine. The intestine microbiome helps to control these immune responses, defending towards pathogens and stopping overactive immune responses, which might result in autoimmune problems.
Moreover, the intestine microbiome is intricately linked to our mind well being. Through the gut-brain axis, our intestine micro organism can affect our temper, conduct, and psychological well being. Studies counsel that an imbalanced intestine microbiota could contribute to a variety of neurological and psychological well being problems, together with anxiousness, despair, and even neurodegenerative ailments.
In essence, a wholesome and various intestine microbiome is integral to our total well being. By cultivating a flourishing intestine ecosystem, we will nurture our bodily and psychological wellbeing, highlighting the significance of methods that naturally promote useful intestine micro organism.
Signs and Symptoms of a Healthy Gut
Recognizing a wholesome intestine can typically be subjective and would possibly differ considerably from individual to individual, given our distinctive intestine microbiomes. However, some normal indicators of a wholesome intestine embrace:
- Regular Bowel Movements: Regular bowel actions sometimes indicate a wholesome intestine. The key phrase right here is “regular,” which might differ from individual to individual. For some, regularity would possibly imply a bowel motion daily, for others, it is perhaps each different day. What’s vital is that there’s consistency in your routine. Consistency and regularity in bowel actions signify a wholesome digestive system.
- Absence of Uncomfortable Symptoms: If you’re free from continual bloating, gasoline, constipation, diarrhea, or heartburn, that is usually an indication of a well-functioning digestive system and a balanced intestine microbiota.
- A Well-Regulated Immune System: A wholesome intestine microbiota interacts with immune cells to assist regulate the immune response. Therefore, not changing into sick often would possibly point out that your intestine well being is in a superb state. Frequent diseases, then again, would possibly point out an imbalanced intestine, as a wholesome microbiome performs an important position in immune perform.
- Good Sleep: There is a two-way relationship between sleep and intestine well being. A balanced intestine microbiota can affect the physique’s sleep-wake cycle, assist preserve a standard sleep sample, and improve sleep high quality. Regular, restful sleep would possibly point out a balanced intestine microbiome.
- Healthy Skin: There is a fancy relationship between intestine well being and pores and skin well being, however they convey and have an effect on each other through the gut-skin axis. Skin points like eczema could also be related to a intestine imbalance. Clear, wholesome pores and skin is usually a signal of a wholesome intestine.
Signs and Symptoms of an Unhealthy Gut
Contrarily, there are additionally indicators and signs that will point out an unhealthy or imbalanced intestine microbiome. These could embrace:
- Digestive Issues: Chronic bloating, gasoline, constipation, diarrhea, or heartburn could all be indicators of an imbalanced intestine. These signs point out that meals just isn’t being correctly damaged down or that dangerous microbes is perhaps current in your intestine.
- Food Intolerances: If you could have issue digesting sure meals or expertise signs corresponding to gasoline, bloating, belly ache, or diarrhea after consuming sure meals, it could point out a problem along with your intestine micro organism. Difficulty digesting sure meals is usually a signal of a intestine imbalance.
- Poor Sleep and Constant Fatigue: Disruption within the intestine microbiota can have an effect on your sleep cycle, resulting in poor sleep and fixed fatigue. Poor sleep can additional result in different well being issues, together with psychological well being points.
- Unintended Weight Changes: Unexplained weight reduction or weight achieve, regardless of not making vital adjustments to your food regimen or bodily exercise ranges, could also be an indication of an imbalanced intestine. An unhealthy intestine can have an effect on the physique’s capacity to soak up vitamins, regulate blood sugar, and retailer fats.
- Skin Irritation: Skin circumstances like eczema, zits, or rosacea could also be associated to intestine irritation or a broken intestine. Inflammation within the intestine brought on by poor food regimen or meals allergic reactions could cause sure pores and skin circumstances.
- Autoimmune Conditions: Recent analysis means that an imbalanced intestine could enhance systemic irritation and alter the right functioning of the immune system, which might result in autoimmune ailments.
8 Ways to Improve the Gut Microbiome, the Population of Health-Promoting Bacteria within the Gut
Fiber First: Choose Natural Prebiotic-Rich Foods
When it involves fostering a wholesome intestine microbiome, fiber is your finest good friend. It performs a basic position in intestine well being because it feeds the useful micro organism, selling their progress and exercise. This nurturing relationship is the place prebiotics come into play.
Prebiotics are forms of dietary fiber that act as meals on your intestine micro organism. They resist digestion within the higher gastrointestinal tract and attain the colon intact, the place they’re fermented by the intestine microbiota. This fermentation course of ends in the manufacturing of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), corresponding to butyrate, propionate, and acetate, which have quite a few well being advantages, together with anti-inflammatory results and strengthening the intestine barrier.
While it’s true that not all forms of fiber perform as prebiotics, many fiber-rich meals are excessive in prebiotic fiber. Foods wealthy in prebiotic fiber embrace fruits, greens, legumes, and complete grains. These meals present the double profit of providing a various vary of fibers to feed several types of intestine micro organism and likewise ship different health-promoting vitamins.
At the identical time, it’s not simply fiber that serves as a prebiotic. Other non-fiber vitamins, corresponding to polyphenols present in meals like berries, tea, and darkish chocolate, may also act as prebiotics, feeding useful intestine micro organism.
In essence, a fiber-first method specializing in prebiotic-rich meals may help domesticate a thriving intestine microbiome, enhancing the abundance and variety of useful micro organism.
Embrace Fermented Foods
Fermented meals, whereas typically related to probiotics, don’t at all times ship these useful micro organism in massive portions. This is as a result of some fermentation processes, notably these involving warmth or sure preservation strategies, could kill the probiotic organisms.
Nevertheless, fermented meals are nonetheless a useful asset for a wholesome intestine. While the probiotic content material can differ, many fermented meals are wealthy in prebiotics. Prebiotics, as described above, are forms of fiber that feed the useful micro organism in your intestine, stimulating their progress and exercise.
Furthermore, the fermentation course of could make sure vitamins extra bioavailable, which means they’re simpler on your physique to soak up and make the most of. This is a big benefit because it helps maximize the dietary profit of those meals.
Fermented meals like yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, and kombucha additionally comprise bioactive compounds produced throughout the fermentation course of, which might have extra health-promoting results.
Multiple research have discovered advantages of fermented meals on intestine well being. For instance, consuming yogurt is related to improved lactose digestion, enhanced immune responses, and will even present safety towards sure forms of gastrointestinal ailments. Other fermented meals, like kefir and kimchi, have been linked to a variety of well being advantages, from improved digestion and irritation discount to enhanced immune perform.
To summarize, incorporating quite a lot of fermented meals into your food regimen can enrich your intestine microbiome, making vitamins extra bioavailable, and probably bettering your total well being.
Stress Less, Flourish More
Stress administration is a vital but typically neglected side of selling a wholesome intestine microbiome. Somewhat latest scientific advances have make clear the bidirectional relationship between the intestine and the mind, aptly termed the “gut-brain axis”.
Chronic stress can disrupt this delicate stability, resulting in alterations within the intestine microbiota, which in flip can affect psychological well being, temper, and cognitive perform. Additionally, stress-induced alterations to the intestine microbiome can compromise the intestinal barrier, resulting in elevated intestine permeability, typically known as “leaky gut,” which has been related to quite a few well being issues.
Multiple research have proven that practices aimed toward lowering stress, corresponding to mindfulness, yoga, and common train, can positively affect the intestine microbiome. A examine revealed within the journal Brain, Behavior, and Immunity confirmed that aware meditation lowered inflammatory biomarkers, which can have constructive results on the intestine microbiome.
Regular bodily exercise has additionally been related to elevated range and stability of the intestine microbiota, which is a key marker of intestine well being.
Sleep, one other important side of stress administration, additionally performs a big position in sustaining a wholesome intestine. Sleep deprivation or irregular sleep patterns can disrupt the intestine microbiota, whereas conversely, a wholesome intestine microbiome can promote higher sleep.
In brief, managing stress via mindfulness practices, train, and sustaining common sleep patterns can considerably contribute to a more healthy and extra balanced intestine microbiome.
Get Moving: The Power of Exercise in Shaping Your Gut Health
The potent affect of bodily exercise on well being is well-established, however latest findings reveal that its advantages prolong to our intestine microbiome as properly. Exercise can improve the range and richness of our intestine micro organism – key indicators of intestine well being.
Studies have discovered that people who lead bodily energetic lives have a extra various intestine microbiota than those that are sedentary. This range may help enhance the resilience and purposeful capability of the microbiota, aiding in digestion, vitamin synthesis, and safety towards dangerous pathogens.
Exercise additionally aids in lowering irritation, bettering immune perform, and enhancing the energy of the intestinal barrier – all elements that contribute to a wholesome intestine.
Research evaluating skilled athletes to controls discovered that the athletes, who engaged in long-term, high-intensity train routines, had a extra various intestine microbiota, highlighting the potential of bodily exercise in modulating intestine microbiota.
While extra analysis is required to find out the best sorts and quantities of train for optimum intestine well being, common moderate-intensity train seems to be useful.
Adding common train to your routine can promote a more healthy and extra various intestine microbiome, contributing to raised total well being.
Sleep Well to Feed Your Gut
Sleep is way over a mere interval of relaxation. It is a crucial time when your physique carries out important restore, restoration, and cognitive processes. One of the lesser-known roles of sleep is its impact in your intestine microbiome. Sleep can considerably affect the range and composition of your intestine micro organism.
Research suggests that people who find themselves sleep-deprived or have disrupted sleep patterns typically have an altered intestine microbiota. For instance, a examine revealed in Molecular Metabolism discovered that simply two nights of partial sleep deprivation might end in adjustments to the intestine microbiota, together with decreased bacterial range.
Conversely, a wholesome intestine microbiome may also promote higher sleep. Emerging analysis signifies {that a} balanced intestine microbiome can improve sleep high quality by producing and regulating varied substances concerned within the sleep-wake cycle, corresponding to melatonin and serotonin.
The National Sleep Foundation recommends that adults purpose for 7 to 9 hours of sleep per evening. Consistent, high-quality sleep can assist your intestine microbiome and contribute to total well being.
Maintaining common sleep patterns, working towards good sleep hygiene (corresponding to sustaining a cool, darkish, quiet sleep setting and establishing a soothing pre-sleep routine), and prioritizing enough sleep can considerably contribute to a more healthy and extra balanced intestine microbiome.
Quench Your Gut by Staying Hydrated
While it’s broadly identified that staying hydrated is essential for total well being, the influence of hydration on the intestine microbiome is much less generally mentioned. However, enough hydration performs a necessary position in selling a wholesome intestine and supporting optimum microbiome perform.
Water is integral for digestion. It helps break down meals so your physique can take in vitamins, and it softens stool, which helps stop constipation. Chronic constipation can disrupt the stability of micro organism within the intestine, resulting in a decreased range of intestine microbiota.
Moreover, staying hydrated helps preserve the mucus lining within the intestines. This mucus lining is without doubt one of the first traces of protection towards the ‘bad’ intestine micro organism and toxins, and it’s additionally residence to many useful micro organism. Dehydration can disrupt this protecting layer, probably resulting in a variety of intestine points, from easy discomfort to extra critical circumstances like elevated intestine permeability.
There isn’t a one-size-fits-all method to water consumption, as the best quantity is dependent upon particular person elements like age, intercourse, weight, bodily exercise stage, and total well being. However, a normal guideline is to purpose for no less than 8 cups (64 ounces) of water per day. This can come from drinks like water and tea, in addition to from water-rich meals like vegetables and fruit.
In brief, enough hydration helps digestion, maintains the protecting mucus lining of your intestine, and promotes a wholesome, balanced intestine microbiome.
Plant Power for Your Gut: Trade Animal-Based for Plant-Based Foods
The meals selections we make considerably affect our intestine microbiome’s composition and performance, and thus our total well being. Notably, a plant-based food regimen, wealthy in fruits, greens, legumes, complete grains, nuts, and seeds, can present distinctive advantages to your intestine microbiome.
Plant-based diets are wealthy in dietary fiber, which acts as a prebiotic, offering the mandatory nourishment for useful intestine micro organism to thrive. This fiber-driven nourishment ends in the manufacturing of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), corresponding to acetate, propionate, and butyrate, which have a number of well being advantages. These SCFAs assist preserve intestine barrier integrity, scale back irritation, and regulate the immune system.
Moreover, plant-based diets sometimes provide a greater variety of meals, which may help enhance the range of the intestine microbiota – a key marker of intestine well being.
In distinction, diets excessive in animal-based meals, notably pink and processed meats, have been related to destructive alterations within the intestine microbiota. For occasion, a examine revealed within the journal Nature confirmed {that a} food regimen excessive in animal-based merchandise might result in a rise in bile-tolerant micro organism and a lower in micro organism that metabolize dietary plant polysaccharides.
However, it’s vital to notice that incorporating plant-based meals into your food regimen doesn’t essentially imply you have to fully exclude animal-based meals to attain good intestine well being. It’s about sustaining a stability that leans closely towards plant-based meals, which may help maintain a more healthy and extra various intestine microbiome.
Choose PUFAs Over Saturated Fats
When it involves fat and the intestine microbiome, not all fat influence the intestine in the identical manner. The kind of fats you devour can considerably affect the composition and performance of your intestine micro organism, affecting your total well being.
Saturated fat, primarily present in animal-based meals and a few plant oils, have been linked to destructive adjustments in intestine microbiota. Studies present that diets excessive in saturated fat can scale back the range of intestine micro organism, promote the expansion of dangerous bacterial strains, and enhance intestine irritation.
On the opposite hand, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), notably omega-3 fatty acids, seem to have a constructive impact on the intestine microbiome. Omega-3 fatty acids, present in fatty fish, walnuts, flaxseeds, and chia seeds, can enhance the abundance of useful intestine micro organism and scale back irritation.
For occasion, a examine revealed in The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry discovered {that a} food regimen wealthy in omega-3 fatty acids might enhance the abundance of useful micro organism, corresponding to Bifidobacterium, which is understood to advertise intestine well being.
This doesn’t imply you must fully eradicate saturated fat out of your food regimen however quite preserve a stability favoring PUFAs, particularly omega-3 fatty acids. It’s vital to keep in mind that moderation and variety in food regimen are key to supporting a wholesome and various intestine microbiome.
Microbiome & Gut Health FAQs
How can I enhance good micro organism in my intestine shortly?
The quickest option to enhance useful micro organism in your intestine is by adjusting your food regimen. Consuming quite a lot of fiber-rich, plant-based meals can present the mandatory prebiotics that these micro organism have to thrive. Fermented meals, like yogurt, sauerkraut, and kefir, may also assist enhance useful micro organism. Diet, together with probiotic dietary supplements and your physician’s assist, may help to swiftly re-establish your microbiota stability.
What eliminates unhealthy micro organism within the intestine?
A food regimen wealthy in fiber, plant-based meals, and fermented meals may help preserve a wholesome stability of intestine micro organism and restrict the expansion of dangerous micro organism. Regular bodily exercise, stress administration, enough hydration, and enough sleep may also contribute to a wholesome intestine setting.
How do you construct a inhabitants of fine micro organism in your physique?
Building a inhabitants of fine micro organism in your physique is just like rising intestine micro organism. A balanced food regimen wealthy in fiber, plant-based meals, and fermented meals, together with wholesome life-style habits, will create an setting wherein useful micro organism can flourish.
What is the quickest option to restore intestine microbiome?
A various food regimen wealthy in plant-based meals, particularly these excessive in fiber, is without doubt one of the quickest methods to revive intestine microbiome. Incorporating probiotic-rich meals like yogurt and kefir, or prebiotic-rich meals corresponding to onions, garlic, and bananas may also assist restore intestine microbiome. A various food regimen wealthy in plant-based meals, particularly these excessive in fiber, is without doubt one of the quickest methods to revive intestine microbiome. Incorporating probiotic-rich meals like yogurt and kefir, or prebiotic-rich meals corresponding to onions, garlic, and bananas may also assist restore intestine microbiome.
How lengthy does it take to “fix” an unhealthy intestine?
The timeline for bettering intestine well being varies for every particular person and is dependent upon a number of elements, corresponding to food regimen, life-style, and the present state of intestine well being. Some research counsel that noticeable adjustments can happen inside just a few days of creating dietary adjustments. However, for a big and lasting enchancment, constant wholesome habits over weeks to months could also be required.
What promotes the well being of “good” intestine micro organism?
A food regimen wealthy in various, fiber-rich meals can promote the well being of “good” intestine micro organism. This contains complete grains, legumes, fruits, and greens. Fermented meals, that are wealthy in probiotics, additionally promote good intestine micro organism. Lifestyle elements corresponding to common train, enough sleep, correct hydration, and stress administration additionally assist intestine well being.
How do I get my intestine micro organism again to regular after an sickness or antibiotics?
Antibiotics can disrupt the intestine microbiota. Post-antibiotics, you’ll be able to assist restore your intestine microbiota by consuming a food regimen wealthy in fiber and fermented meals. Additionally, make sure you keep hydrated, get sufficient sleep, handle stress, and have interaction in common bodily exercise. In some instances, a healthcare supplier would possibly suggest a probiotic complement.
Main Takeaways
Your intestine microbiome is a dynamic and important side of your well being, with far-reaching results that reach past digestion. It’s integral to your immune perform, psychological well being, metabolic processes, and even your physique’s capability to course of vitamins from meals. Enhancing your intestine microbiome naturally isn’t nearly what you eat—it’s about how you reside.
A well-rounded method to intestine well being incorporates various, fiber-rich, plant-based meals and a reasonable consumption of wholesome fat. However, our intestine microbiome is influenced by extra than simply our food regimen. Factors like common bodily exercise, correct sleep, enough hydration, and efficient stress administration are equally crucial. These life-style elements can contribute to a more healthy, extra balanced intestine microbiome, fostering an setting the place useful micro organism can flourish.
By adopting these methods, we will domesticate a more healthy intestine microbiome with out counting on dietary supplements. A wholesome intestine microbiome helps digestive well being and likewise contributes to total wellbeing, from psychological well being to illness prevention. Remember, small however constant adjustments can have a big influence over time, so take these preliminary steps towards bettering your intestine well being right now.
The journey towards optimum intestine well being is a marathon, not a dash. Every constructive selection you make, each balanced meal you eat, each exercise you full, and each good evening’s sleep you get brings you one step nearer to raised intestine well being. And higher intestine well being brings you one step nearer to raised total well being.
References
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899036/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12820
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779243/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25021423/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143810/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31460832/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899036/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24679531/
- https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition–495-articulo-role-gut-microbiota-in-development-S2173580821000717
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433529/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24679531/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779243/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30042740/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21787226/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3601187/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26011307/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756104/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705355/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23849454/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27998788/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7782892/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16696665/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15277142/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4854945/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456350/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn3346
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20145094/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4253991/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26799456/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28963884/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5357536/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779243/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25021423/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28187199/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5433529/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5357536/
- https://gut.bmj.com/content/67/4/625
- https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/exercise-alters-gut-microbiota-composition-and-function-in-lean-a
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3880190/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6779243/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27900260/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22844441/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/srep35405
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29073412/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2908954/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16169298/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21327117/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5849673/
- https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10925/dietary-reference-intakes-for-water-potassium-sodium-chloride-and-sulfate
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705355/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4756104/
- https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/msystems.00031-18
- https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12820
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26321659/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-10382-2
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951525/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3705355/
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27998788/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5357536/
- https://www.nature.com/articles/nature12820
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27126040/
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4831151/